Bill C-61: An Act to amend the Copyright Act

C-61 Second Session, Thirty-ninth Parliament, 56-57 Elizabeth II, 2007-2008 HOUSE OF COMMONS OF CANADA BILL C-61 An Act to amend the Copyright Act first reading, June 12, 2008 THE MINISTER OF INDUSTRY 90443 SUMMARY This enactment amends the Copyright Act in order to (a) update the rights and protections of copyright owners to better address the Internet, in line with international standards; (b) clarify the liability of Internet service providers; (c) permit certain uses for educational and research purposes of Internet and other digital technologies to facilitate technology-enhanced learning, inter-library loans, the delivery of educational material and access to publicly available material on the Internet; (d) permit certain uses of copyright material for private purposes; and (e) amend provisions of the Act relating to photographs to give photographers the same rights as other creators. Also available on the Parliament of Canada Web Site at the following address:http://www.parl.gc.ca .vis1 {position: absolute;display:block;} .vis2 {position: static;} 2nd Session, 39th Parliament, 56-57 Elizabeth II, 2007-2008 house of commons of canada BILL C-61 An Act to amend the Copyright Act Preamble Whereas the Copyright Act is an important marketplace framework law and cultural policy instrument that, through clear, predictable and fair rules, supports creativity and innovation and affects many sectors of the knowledge economy; Whereas advancements in and convergence of the information and communications technologies that link communities around the world present opportunities and challenges that are global in scope for the creation and use of copyright works or other subject-matter; Whereas in the current digital era copyright protection is enhanced when countries adopt coordinated approaches, based on internationally recognized norms; Whereas such norms are reflected in the World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty and the World Intellectual Property Organization Performances and Phonograms Treaty, adopted in Geneva in 1996; Whereas such norms are not wholly reflected in the Copyright Act; Whereas the exclusive rights in the Copyright Act provide rights holders with recognition, remuneration and the ability to assert their rights, and some limitations on these rights exist to further enhance users’ access to copyright works or other subject-matter; Whereas the Government of Canada is committed to enhancing the protection of copyright works or other subject-matter, including through the recognition of technological measures, in a manner that promotes culture and innovation, competition and investment in the Canadian economy; And whereas Canada’s ability to participate in a knowledge economy driven by innovation and network connectivity is fostered by encouraging the use of digital technologies for research and education; Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows: R.S., c. C-42 COPYRIGHT ACT R.S., c. 10 (4th Supp.), s. 1(3); 1994, c. 47, s. 56(3) 1. (1) The definitions “moral rights” and “treaty country” in section 2 of the Copyright Act are replaced by the following: Explanatory NotesCopyright Act Clause 1: (1) Existing text of the definitions: “moral rights” means the rights described in subsection 14.1(1); “treaty country” means a Berne Convention country, UCC country or WTO Member; Notes explicativesLoi sur le droit d’auteur Article 1 : (1) Texte des définitions : « droits moraux » Les droits visés au paragraphe 14.1(1). « pays signataire » Pays partie à la Convention de Berne ou à la Convention universelle ou membre de l’OMC. “moral rights”« droits moraux » “moral rights” means the rights described in subsections 14.1(1) and 17.1(1); “treaty country”« pays signataire » “treaty country” means a Berne Convention country, UCC country, WCT country or WTO Member; (2) Section 2 of the Act is amended by adding the following in alphabetical order: (2) New. (2) Nouveau. “WCT country”« pays partie au traité de l’ODA » “WCT country” means a country that is a party to the WIPO Copyright Treaty, adopted in Geneva on December 20, 1996; “WPPT country”« pays partie au traité de l’OIEP » “WPPT country” means a country that is a party to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, adopted in Geneva on December 20, 1996; 2. Subsection 3(1) of the Act is amended by striking out the word “and” at the end of paragraph (h), by adding the word “and” at the end of paragraph (i) and by adding the following after paragraph (i): Clause 2: Relevant portion of subsection 3(1): 3. (1) For the purposes of this Act, “copyright”, in relation to a work, means the sole right to produce or reproduce the work or any substantial part thereof in any material form whatever, to perform the work or any substantial part thereof in public or, if the work is unpublished, to publish the work or any substantial part thereof, and includes the sole right Article 2 : Texte du passage visé du paragraphe 3(1) : 3. (1) Le droit d’auteur sur l’oeuvre comporte le droit exclusif de produire ou reproduire la totalité ou une partie importante de l’oeuvre, sous une forme matérielle quelconque, d’en exécuter ou d’en représenter la totalité ou une partie importante en public et, si l’oeuvre n’est pas publiée, d’en publier la totalité ou une partie importante; ce droit comporte, en outre, le droit exclusif : (j) in the case of a work that can be put into circulation as a tangible object, to sell or otherwise transfer ownership of the tangible object, as long as the ownership of that tangible object has never previously been transferred with the authorization of the author in or outside Canada, 1994, c. 47, s. 57(1); 1997, c. 24, s. 5(2); 2001, c. 34, s. 34 3. Subsections 5(1.01) to (1.03) of the Act are replaced by the following: Clause 3: Existing text of subsections 5(1.01) to (1.03): (1.01) For the purposes of subsection (1), a country that becomes a Berne Convention country or a WTO Member after the date of the making or publication of a work shall, as of becoming a Berne Convention country or WTO Member, as the case may be, be deemed to have been a Berne Convention country or WTO Member at the date of the making or publication of the work, subject to subsection (1.02) and section 33. (1.02) Subsection (1.01) does not confer copyright protection in Canada on a work whose term of copyright protection in the country referred to in that subsection had expired before that country became a Berne Convention country or WTO Member, as the case may be. (1.03) Subsections (1.01) and (1.02) apply, and are deemed to have applied, regardless of whether the country in question became a Berne Convention country or a WTO Member before or after the coming into force of those subsections. Article 3 : Texte des paragraphes 5(1.01) à (1.03) : (1.01) Pour l’application du paragraphe (1), le pays qui devient un pays partie à la Convention de Berne ou un membre de l’OMC après la date de création ou de publication de l’oeuvre est réputé avoir adhéré à la convention ou être devenu membre de l’OMC, selon le cas, à compter de cette date, sous réserve du paragraphe (1.02) et de l’article 33. (1.02) Le paragraphe (1.01) ne confère aucun droit à la protection d’une oeuvre au Canada lorsque la durée de protection accordée par le pays visé a expiré avant que celui-ci ne devienne un pays partie à la Convention de Berne ou un membre de l’OMC, selon le cas. (1.03) Les paragraphes (1.01) et (1.02) s’appliquent et sont réputés avoir été applicables, que le pays en question soit devenu un pays partie à la Convention de Berne ou membre de l’OMC avant ou après leur entrée en vigueur. Protection for older works (1.01) For the purposes of subsection (1), a country that becomes a Berne Convention country, a WCT country or a WTO Member after the date of the making or publication of a work is deemed to have been a Berne Convention country, a WCT country or a WTO Member, as the case may be, at that date, subject to subsection (1.02) and sections 33 to 33.2. Limitation (1.02) Subsection (1.01) does not confer copyright protection in Canada on a work whose term of copyright protection in the country referred to in that subsection had expired before that country became a Berne Convention country, a WCT country or a WTO Member, as the case may be. Application of subsections (1.01) and (1.02) (1.03) Subsections (1.01) and (1.02) apply, and are deemed to have applied, regardless of whether the country in question became a Berne Convention country, a WCT country or a WTO Member before or after the coming into force of those subsections. 1997, c. 24, s. 7 4. Section 10 of the Act is repealed. Clause 4: Existing text of section 10: 10. (1) Where the owner referred to in subsection (2) is a corporation, the term for which copyright subsists in a photograph shall be the remainder of the year of the making of the initial negative or plate from which the photograph was derived or, if there is no negative or plate, of the initial photograph, plus a period of fifty years. (1.1) Where the owner is a corporation, the majority of the voting shares of which are owned by a natural person who would have qualified as the author of the photograph except for subsection (2), the term of copyright is the term set out in section 6. (2) The person who (a) was the owner of the initial negative or other plate at the time when that negative or other plate was made, or (b) was the owner of the initial photograph at the time when that photograph was made, where there was no negative or other plate, is deemed to be the author of the photograph and, where that owner is a body corporate, the body corporate is deemed for the purposes of this Act to be ordinarily resident in a treaty country if it has established a place of business therein. Article 4 : Texte de l’article 10 : 10. (1) Dans les cas où le propriétaire visé au paragraphe (2) est une personne morale, le droit d’auteur sur la photographie subsiste jusqu’à la fin de la cinquantième année suivant celle de la confection du cliché initial ou de la planche dont la photographie a été directement ou indirectement tirée, ou de l’original lorsqu’il n’y a pas de cliché ou de planche. (1.1) Toutefois, l’article 6 s’applique dans les cas où le propriétaire est une personne morale dont la majorité des actions avec droit de vote sont détenues par une personne physique qui, sauf pour le paragraphe (2), aurait été considérée l’auteur de la photographie. (2) Le propriétaire, au moment de la confection du cliché initial ou de la planche ou, lorsqu’il n’y a pas de cliché ou de planche, de l’original est considéré comme l’auteur de la photographie, et si ce propriétaire est une personne morale, celle-ci est réputée, pour l’application de la présente loi, être un résident habituel d’un pays signataire, si elle y a fondé un établissement commercial. 1997, c. 24, s. 10(1) 5. Subsection 13(2) of the Act is repealed. Clause 5: Existing text of subsection 13(2): (2) Where, in the case of an engraving, photograph or portrait, the plate or other original was ordered by some other person and was made for valuable consideration, and the consideration was paid, in pursuance of that order, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the person by whom the plate or other original was ordered shall be the first owner of the copyright. Article 5 : Texte du paragraphe 13(2) : (2) Lorsqu’il s’agit d’une gravure, d’une photographie ou d’un portrait et que la planche ou autre production originale a été commandée par une tierce personne et confectionnée contre rémunération et la rémunération a été payée en vertu de cette commande, celui qui a donné la commande est, à moins de stipulation contraire, le premier titulaire du droit d’auteur. 1997, c. 24, s. 14 6. The headings before section 15 of the Act are replaced by the following: Clause 6: Existing text of the headings: PART II COPYRIGHT IN PERFORMER’S PERFORMANCES, SOUND RECORDINGS AND COMMUNICATION SIGNALS Performers’ Rights Article 6 : Texte des intertitres : PARTIE II DROIT D’AUTEUR SUR LES PRESTATIONS, ENREGISTREMENTS SONORES OU SIGNAUX DE COMMUNICATION Droits de l’artiste-interprète PART II COPYRIGHT IN PERFORMERS’ PERFORMANCES, SOUND RECORDINGS AND COMMUNICATION SIGNALS AND MORAL RIGHTS IN PERFORMERS’ PERFORMANCES Performers’ Rights Copyright 7. (1) Section 15 of the Act is amended by adding the following after subsection (1): Clause 7: (1) New. Article 7 : (1) Nouveau. Copyright in performer’s performance (1.1) Subject to subsections (2.1) and (2.2), a performer’s copyright in the performer’s per- formance also consists of the sole right to do the following acts in relation to the performer’s performance or any substantial part of it and to authorize any of those acts: (a) if it is not fixed, (i) to communicate it to the public by telecommunication, (ii) to perform it in public, if it is communicated to the public by telecommunication otherwise than by communication signal, and (iii) to fix it in any material form; (b) if it is fixed in a sound recording, to reproduce that fixation; (c) to rent out a sound recording of it; (d) to communicate to the public by telecommunication a sound recording of it in a way that allows a member of the public to access it from a place and at a time individually chosen by that member of the public; and (e) to sell, or otherwise transfer ownership of, every sound recording of it that can be put into circulation as a tangible object and whose ownership has never previously been transferred with the authorization of the performer in or outside Canada. 1997, c. 24, s. 14 (2) Subsection 15(3) of the Act is replaced by the following: (2) Existing text of subsection 15(3): (3) The first publication is deemed to have occurred in a country referred to in paragraph (2)(b) notwithstanding that it in fact occurred previously elsewhere, if the interval between those two publications does not exceed thirty days. (2) Texte du paragraphe 15(3) : (3) Est réputé avoir été publié pour la première fois dans un pays visé à l’alinéa (2)b) l’enregistrement sonore qui y est publié dans les trente jours qui suivent sa première publication dans un autre pays. Conditions for copyright (2.1) Subsection (1.1) applies in the following cases: (a) if the performer’s performance takes place in Canada; (b) if the performer’s performance is fixed in (i) a sound recording whose maker, at the time of its first fixation, (A) was a Canadian citizen or permanent resident as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, in the case of a natural person, or (B) had its headquarters in Canada, in the case of a corporation, or (ii) a sound recording whose first publication in a quantity sufficient to satisfy the reasonable demands of the public occurred in Canada; or (c) if the performer’s performance is transmitted at the time of its performance by a communication signal broadcast from Canada by a broadcaster that has its headquarters in Canada. Conditions for copyright (2.2) Subsection (1.1) also applies in the following cases: (a) if the performer’s performance takes place in a WPPT country; (b) if the performer’s performance is fixed in (i) a sound recording whose maker, at the time of its first fixation, (A) was a citizen or permanent resident of a WPPT country, in the case of a natural person, or (B) had its headquarters in a WPPT country, in the case of a corporation, or (ii) a sound recording whose first publication in a quantity sufficient to satisfy the reasonable demands of the public occurred in a WPPT country; or (c) if the performer’s performance is transmitted at the time of its performance by a communication signal broadcast from a WPPT country by a broadcaster that has its headquarters in that country. Publication (3) The first publication of a sound recording in Canada, a Rome Convention country or a WPPT country is deemed to have occurred in that country, despite an earlier publication elsewhere, if the earlier publication took place no more than 30 days previously. 8. The Act is amended by adding the following after section 17: Clause 8: New. Article 8 : Nouveau. Moral Rights Moral rights 17.1 (1) In the cases referred to in subsections 15(2.1) and (2.2), a performer of a live aural performance or a performance fixed in a sound recording has, subject to subsection 28.2(1), the right to the integrity of the performance, and — in connection with an act mentioned in subsection 15(1.1) or one for which the performer has a right to remuneration under subsection 19(1) — the right, when it is reasonable in the circumstances, to be associated with the performance as its performer by name or under a pseudonym and the right to remain anonymous. No assignment of moral rights (2) Moral rights may not be assigned but may be waived in whole or in part. No waiver by assignment (3) An assignment of copyright in a per- former’s performance does not by itself constitute a waiver of any moral rights. Effect of waiver (4) If a waiver of any moral right is made in favour of an owner or a licensee of a copyright, it may be invoked by any person authorized by the owner or licensee to use the performer’s performance, unless there is an indication to the contrary in the waiver. Application and term 17.2 (1) Subsection 17.1(1) applies only in respect of a performer’s performance that occurs after the coming into force of that subsection. The moral rights subsist for the same term as the copyright in that performer’s performance. Succession (2) The moral rights in respect of a perform- er’s performance pass, on the performer’s death, to (a) the person to whom those rights are specifically bequeathed; (b) if there is not a specific bequest of those moral rights and the performer dies testate in respect of the copyright in the performer’s performance, the person to whom that copyright is bequeathed; or (c) if there is not a person as described in paragraph (a) or (b), the person entitled to any other property in respect of which the performer dies intestate. Subsequent succession (3) Subsection (2) applies, with any modifications that the circumstances require, on the death of any person who holds moral rights. 1997, c. 24, s. 14; 2001, c. 27, s. 237 9. Subsections 18(2) and (3) of the Act are replaced by the following: Clause 9: Existing text of subsections 18(2) and (3): (2) Subsection (1) applies only if (a) the maker of the sound recording was a Canadian citizen or permanent resident within the meaning of subsection 2(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, or a citizen or permanent resident of a Berne Convention country, a Rome Convention country or a country that is a WTO Member, or, if a corporation, had its headquarters in one of the foregoing countries, (i) at the date of the first fixation, or (ii) if that first fixation was extended over a considerable period, during any substantial part of that period; or (b) the first publication of the sound recording in such a quantity as to satisfy the reasonable demands of the public occurred in any country referred to in paragraph (a). (3) The first publication is deemed to have occurred in a country referred to in paragraph (2)(a) notwithstanding that it in fact occurred previously elsewhere, if the interval between those two publications does not exceed thirty days. Article 9 : Texte des paragraphes 18(2) et (3) : (2) Le paragraphe (1) s’applique uniquement lorsque, selon le cas : a) le producteur, lors de la première fixation, soit est un citoyen canadien ou un résident permanent au sens du paragraphe 2(1) de la Loi sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés ou un citoyen ou un résident permanent d’un pays partie à la Convention de Berne ou à la Convention de Rome ou membre de l’OMC, soit, s’il s’agit d’une personne morale, a son siège social au Canada ou dans un tel pays, ou, si la première fixation s’étend sur une période considérable, en a été un citoyen ou un résident permanent ou y a eu son siège social pendant une partie importante de cette période; b) l’enregistrement sonore est publié pour la première fois en quantité suffisante pour satisfaire la demande raisonnable du public dans tout pays visé à l’alinéa a). (3) Est réputé avoir été publié pour la première fois dans tout pays visé à l’alinéa (2)a) l’enregistrement sonore qui y est publié dans les trente jours qui suivent sa première publication dans un autre pays. Copyright in sound recordings (1.1) Subject to subsections (2.1) and (2.2), a sound recording maker’s copyright in the sound recording also includes the sole right to do the following acts in relation to the sound recording or any substantial part of it and to authorize any of those acts: (a) to communicate it to the public by telecommunication in a way that allows a member of the public to access it from a place and at a time individually chosen by that member of the public; and (b) to sell or otherwise transfer ownership of it, in the case of a sound recording made by the sound recording maker that can be put into circulation as a tangible object and whose ownership has never previously been transferred with the authorization of the sound recording maker in or outside Canada. Conditions for copyright (2) Subsection (1) applies only if (a) at the time of the first fixation or, if that first fixation was extended over a considerable period, during any substantial part of that period, the maker of the sound recording (i) was a Canadian citizen or permanent resident as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, (ii) was a citizen or permanent resident of a Berne Convention country, a Rome Convention country, a WPPT country or a country that is a WTO Member, or (iii) had its headquarters in one of those countries, in the case of a corporation; or (b) the first publication of the sound recording in a quantity sufficient to satisfy the reasonable demands of the public occurred in any country referred to in paragraph (a). Conditions for copyright (2.1) Subsection (1.1) applies in the following cases: (a) if at the time of the first fixation or, if that first fixation was extended over a considerable period, during any substantial part of that period, the maker of the sound recording (i) was a Canadian citizen or permanent resident as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, or (ii) had its headquarters in Canada, in the case of a corporation; or (b) if the first publication of the sound recording in a quantity sufficient to satisfy the reasonable demands of the public occurred in Canada. Conditions for copyright (2.2) Subsection (1.1) also applies in the following cases: (a) if at the time of the first fixation or, if that first fixation was extended over a considerable period, during any substantial part of that period, the maker of the sound recording (i) was a citizen or permanent resident of a WPPT country, or (ii) had its headquarters in a WPPT country, in the case of a corporation; or (b) if the first publication of the sound recording in a quantity sufficient to satisfy the reasonable demands of the public occurred in a WPPT country. Publication (3) The first publication of a sound recording in Canada, a Berne Convention country, a Rome Convention country, a WPPT country or a country that is a WTO Member is deemed to have occurred in that country, despite an earlier publication elsewhere, if the earlier publication took place no more than 30 days previously. 1997, c. 24, s. 14 10. Subsection 19(1) of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 10: Existing text of subsection 19(1): 19. (1) Where a sound recording has been published, the performer and maker are entitled, subject to section 20, to be paid equitable remuneration for its performance in public or its communication to the public by telecommunication, except for any retransmission. Article 10 : Texte du paragraphe 19(1) : 19. (1) Sous réserve de l’article 20, l’artiste-interprète et le producteur ont chacun droit à une rémunération équitable pour l’exécution en public ou la communication au public par télécommunication — à l’exclusion de toute retransmission — de l’enregistrement sonore publié. Right to remuneration 19. (1) If a sound recording has been published, the performer and maker are entitled, subject to section 20, to be paid equitable remuneration for its performance in public or its communication to the public by telecommunication, except for a communication in the circumstances referred to in paragraph 15(1.1)(d) or 18(1.1)(a) and any retransmission. 1997, c. 24, s. 14; 2001, c. 27, s. 239(1) 11. (1) The portion of subsection 22(1) of the Act before paragraph (a) is replaced by the following: Clause 11: (1) Relevant portion of subsection 22(1): 22. (1) Where the Minister is of the opinion that a country other than a Rome Convention country grants or has undertaken to grant Article 11 : (1) Texte du passage visé du paragraphe 22(1) : 22. (1) Lorsqu’il est d’avis qu’un pays, autre qu’un pays partie à la Convention de Rome, accorde ou s’est engagé à accorder, par traité, convention, contrat ou loi, aux artistes-interprètes et aux producteurs d’enregistrements sonores, ou aux radiodiffuseurs, qui sont des citoyens canadiens ou des résidents permanents au sens du paragraphe 2(1) de la Loi sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés ou, s’il s’agit de personnes morales, ayant leur siège social au Canada, essentiellement les mêmes avantages que ceux conférés par la présente partie, le ministre peut, en publiant une déclaration dans la Gazette du Canada, à la fois : Reciprocity 22. (1) If the Minister is of the opinion that a country grants or has undertaken to grant 1997, c. 24, s. 14; 2001, c. 27, s. 239(2) (2) The portion of subsection 22(2) of the Act before paragraph (a) is replaced by the following: (2) Relevant portion of subsection 22(2): (2) Where the Minister is of the opinion that a country other than a Rome Convention country neither grants nor has undertaken to grant (2) Texte du passage visé du paragraphe 22(2) : (2) Lorsqu’il est d’avis qu’un pays, autre qu’un pays partie à la Convention de Rome, n’accorde pas ni ne s’est engagé à accorder, par traité, convention, contrat ou loi, aux artistes-interprètes et aux producteurs d’enregistrements sonores, ou aux radiodiffuseurs, qui sont des citoyens canadiens ou des résidents permanents au sens du paragraphe 2(1) de la Loi sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés, ou, s’il s’agit de personnes morales, ayant leur siège social au Canada, essentiellement les mêmes avantages que ceux conférés par la présente partie, le ministre peut, en publiant une déclaration dans la Gazette du Canada, à la fois : Reciprocity (2) If the Minister is of the opinion that a country neither grants nor has undertaken to grant 1997, c. 24, s. 14 12. Subsections 23(1) to (3) of the Act are replaced by the following: Clause 12: Existing text of subsections 23(1) to (3): 23. (1) Subject to this Act, the rights conferred by sections 15, 18 and 21 terminate fifty years after the end of the calendar year in which (a) in the case of a performer’s performance, (i) its first fixation in a sound recording, or (ii) its performance, if it is not fixed in a sound recording, occurred; (b) in the case of a sound recording, the first fixation occurred; or (c) in the case of a communication signal, it was broadcast. (2) The rights to remuneration conferred on performers and makers by section 19 have the same terms, respectively, as those provided by paragraphs (1)(a) and (b). (3) Subsections (1) and (2) apply whether the fixation, performance or broadcast occurred before or after the coming into force of this Part. Article 12 : Texte des paragraphes 23(1) à (3) : 23. (1) Sous réserve des autres dispositions de la présente loi, les droits visés aux articles 15, 18 et 21 expirent à la fin de la cinquantième année suivant celle : a) dans le cas de la prestation, de sa première fixation au moyen d’un enregistrement sonore ou de son exécution si elle n’est pas ainsi fixée; b) dans le cas de l’enregistrement sonore, de sa première fixation; c) dans le cas du signal de communication, de son émission. (2) Le droit à rémunération de l’artiste-interprète prévu à l’article 19 a une durée identique à celle prévue à l’alinéa (1)a) et celui du producteur, une durée identique à celle prévue à l’alinéa (1)b). (3) Les paragraphes (1) et (2) s’appliquent même quand la fixation, l’exécution ou l’émission a eu lieu avant la date d’entrée en vigueur de la présente partie. Term of copyright — performer’s performance 23. (1) Subject to this Act, copyright in a performer’s performance subsists until the end of 50 years after the end of the calendar year in which the performance occurs. However, (a) if the performance is fixed in a sound recording before the copyright expires, the copyright continues until the end of 50 years after the end of the calendar year in which the first fixation of the performance in a sound recording occurs; and (b) if a sound recording in which the performance is fixed is published before the copyright expires, the copyright continues until the earlier of the end of 50 years after the end of the calendar year in which the first publication of the sound recording occurs and the end of 99 years after the end of the calendar year in which the performance occurs. Term of copyright — sound recording (1.1) Subject to this Act, copyright in a sound recording subsists until the end of 50 years after the end of the calendar year in which the first fixation of the sound recording occurs. However, if the sound recording is published before the copyright expires, the copyright continues until the end of 50 years after the end of the calendar year in which the first publication of the sound recording occurs. Term of copyright — communications signals (1.2) Subject to this Act, copyright in a communication signal subsists until the end of 50 years after the end of the calendar year in which the communication signal is broadcast. Term of right to remuneration (2) The rights to remuneration conferred on performers and makers by section 19 have the same terms, respectively, as those provided by subsections (1) and (1.1). Application of subsections (1) to (2) (3) Subsections (1) to (2) apply whether the fixation, performance or broadcast occurred before or after the coming into force of this section. 1997, c. 24, s. 15 13. The heading “INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND MORAL RIGHTS AND EXCEPTIONS TO INFRINGEMENT” before section 27 of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 13: Existing text of the heading: INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND MORAL RIGHTS AND EXCEPTIONS TO INFRINGEMENT Article 13 : Texte de l’intertitre : VIOLATION DU DROIT D’AUTEUR ET DES DROITS MORAUX, ET CAS D’EXCEPTION INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND OTHER RIGHTS, AND EXCEPTIONS 14. Section 27 of the Act is amended by adding the following after subsection (2): Clause 14: New. Article 14 : Nouveau. Secondary infringement related to lesson (2.1) It is an infringement of copyright for any person to do any of the following acts with respect to anything that the person knows or should have known is a lesson, as defined in subsection 30.01(1), or a fixation of one: (a) to sell it or to rent it out; (b) to distribute it to an extent that the owner of the copyright in the work or other subject-matter that is included in the lesson is prejudicially affected; (c) by way of trade, to distribute it, expose or offer it for sale or rental or exhibit it in public; (d) to possess it for the purpose of doing anything referred to in any of paragraphs (a) to (c); (e) to communicate it by telecommunication to any person other than a person referred to in paragraph 30.01(3)(a); or (f) to circumvent or contravene any measure taken in conformity with paragraph 30.01(5)(b), (c) or (d). R.S., c. 10 (4th Supp.), s. 6 15. Section 28.1 of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 15: Existing text of section 28.1: 28.1 Any act or omission that is contrary to any of the moral rights of the author of a work is, in the absence of consent by the author, an infringement of the moral rights. Article 15 : Texte de l’article 28.1 : 28.1 Constitue une violation des droits moraux de l’auteur sur son oeuvre tout fait — acte ou omission — non autorisé et contraire à ceux-ci. Infringement generally 28.1 Any act or omission that is contrary to any of the moral rights of the author of a work or of the performer of a performer’s perform- ance is, in the absence of the author’s or performer’s consent, an infringement of those rights. R.S., c. 10 (4th Supp.), s. 6 16. The portion of subsection 28.2(1) of the Act before paragraph (a) is replaced by the following: Clause 16: Relevant portion of subsection 28.2(1): 28.2 (1) The author’s right to the integrity of a work is infringed only if the work is, to the prejudice of the honour or reputation of the author, Article 16 : Texte du paragraphe 28.2(1) : 28.2 (1) Il n’y a violation du droit à l’intégrité que si l’oeuvre est, d’une manière préjudiciable à l’honneur ou à la réputation de l’auteur, déformée, mutilée ou autrement modifiée, ou utilisée en liaison avec un produit, une cause, un service ou une institution. Nature of right of integrity 28.2 (1) The author’s or performer’s right to the integrity of a work or performer’s perform- ance is infringed only if the work or the performance is, to the prejudice of its author’s or performer’s honour or reputation, 17. The Act is amended by adding the following after section 29.2: Clause 17: New. Article 17 : Nouveau. Reproduction onto Another Medium or Device Reproduction onto another medium or device 29.21 (1) It is not an infringement of copyright for an individual to reproduce a work or other subject-matter that is a photograph or is contained in a book, newspaper, periodical or videocassette, or any substantial part of such a work or other subject-matter, onto another medium or device, if the following conditions are met: (a) the copy of the work or other subject-matter of which the reproduction is made is not an infringing copy; (b) the individual legally obtained the photograph, book, newspaper, periodical or videocassette, otherwise than by borrowing it or renting it, and owns the medium or device on which it is reproduced; (c) the individual, in order to make the reproduction, did not circumvent a technolog- ical measure or cause one to be circumvented, within the meanings of the definitions “circumvent” and “technological measure” in section 41; (d) the individual (i) reproduces the work or other subject-matter no more than once for each device that the individual owns, whether the reproduction is made directly onto the device or is made onto a medium that is to be used with the device, and (ii) prints no more than one copy of the work, if the work is in digital form; (e) the individual does not give the reproduction away; and (f) the reproduction is used only for private purposes. Contract prevails in case of inconsistency (2) If the individual has downloaded the work or other subject-matter from the Internet and is bound by a contract that governs the extent to which the individual may reproduce the work or other subject-matter, the contract prevails over subsection (1) to the extent of any inconsistency between them. Limitation — destruction of reproductions (3) Subsection (1) does not apply if the individual gives away, rents or sells the photograph, book, newspaper, periodical or videocassette without first destroying all reproductions of the work or other subject-matter that the individual has made under that subsection. Limitation — purpose of reproduction (4) Subsection (1) does not apply if the reproduction is made for the purpose of doing any of the following in relation to the work or other subject-matter: (a) selling or renting out, or by way of trade exposing or offering for sale or rental; (b) distributing, whether or not for the purpose of trade; (c) communicating to the public by telecommunication; or (d) performing, or causing to be performed, in public. Reproduction of music 29.22 (1) It is not an infringement of copyright for an individual to reproduce onto a medium or device a musical work embodied in a sound recording, a performer’s performance of a musical work embodied in a sound recording, or a sound recording in which a musical work or a performer’s performance of a musical work is embodied, or any substantial part of such a work or other subject-matter, if the following conditions are met: (a) the sound recording is not an infringing copy; (b) the individual legally obtained the sound recording, otherwise than by borrowing it or renting it, and owns the medium or device on which it is reproduced; (c) the individual, in order to make the reproduction, did not circumvent a technolog- ical measure or cause one to be circumvented, within the meanings of the definitions “circumvent” and “technological measure” in section 41; (d) the individual reproduces the sound recording no more than once for each device that the individual owns, whether the reproduction is made directly onto the device or is made onto a medium that is to be used with the device; (e) the individual does not give the reproduction away; and (f) the reproduction is used only for private purposes. Contract prevails in case of inconsistency (2) If the individual has downloaded the sound recording from the Internet and is bound by a contract that governs the extent to which the individual may reproduce the sound recording, the contract prevails over subsection (1) to the extent of any inconsistency between them. Limitation — Part VIII applies (3) Subsection (1) does not apply if the reproduction is made onto a medium that is governed by Part VIII. Limitation — destruction of reproductions (4) Subsection (1) does not apply if the individual gives away, rents or sells the sound recording without first destroying all reproductions of it that the individual has made under that subsection. Limitation — purpose of reproduction (5) Subsection (1) does not apply if the reproduction is made for the purpose of doing any of the following in relation to the musical work, performer’s performance or sound recording: (a) selling or renting out, or by way of trade exposing or offering for sale or rental; (b) distributing, whether or not for the purpose of trade; (c) communicating to the public by telecommunication; or (d) performing, or causing to be performed, in public. Fixing Signals and Recording Programs for Later Listening or Viewing Reproduction for later listening or viewing 29.23 (1) It is not an infringement of copyright for an individual to fix a communication signal, to reproduce a work or sound recording that is being broadcast or to fix or reproduce a performer’s performance that is being broadcast, in order to record a program for the purpose of listening to or watching it later, if the following conditions are met: (a) the individual receives the program legally; (b) the individual, in order to record the program, did not illegally circumvent a technological measure or cause one to be illegally circumvented, within the meanings of the definitions “circumvent” and “technological measure” in section 41; (c) the individual makes no more than one recording of the program; (d) the individual keeps the recording no longer than necessary in order to listen to or watch the program at a more convenient time; (e) the individual does not give the recording away; and (f) the recording is used only for private purposes. Contract prevails in case of inconsistency — video-on- demand services (2) If the individual receives the program under a video-on-demand service and is bound by a contract that governs the extent to which the individual may record it, the contract prevails over subsection (1) to the extent of any inconsistency between them. Limitation — Internet simulcast (3) Subsection (1) does not apply to the recording of a program that is communicated over the Internet, unless it is communicated simultaneously via radio or television. Limitation — purpose of reproduction (4) Subsection (1) does not apply if the program is recorded for the purpose of doing any of the following in relation to the program: (a) selling or renting out, or by way of trade exposing or offering for sale or rental; (b) distributing, whether or not for the purpose of trade; (c) communicating to the public by telecommunication; or (d) performing, or causing to be performed, in public. Exception — network personal video recorder services (5) Nothing in subsection (1) authorizes the recording of programs under a network personal video recorder service. Definitions (6) The following definitions apply in this section. “broadcast”« radiodiffusion » “broadcast” has the same meaning as in the definition “broadcasting” in subsection 2(1) of the Broadcasting Act. “network personal video recorder service”« service d’enregistrement vidéo personnel sur réseau » “network personal video recorder service” means a service that allows a person to store recordings of programs in a service provider’s networked facility in order to access them at any time. “video-on- demand service”« service de vidéo sur demande » “video-on-demand service” means a service that allows a person to receive programs at times of his or her choosing. 18. The Act is amended by adding the following after section 30: Clause 18: New. Article 18 : Nouveau. Definition of “lesson” 30.01 (1) For the purposes of this section, “lesson” means a lesson, test or examination, or part of one, in which, or during the course of which, an act is done in respect of a work or other subject-matter by an educational institution or a person acting under its authority that would otherwise be an infringement of copyright but is permitted under any of sections 29.4 to 29.6 and subsection 29.7(3). Application (2) This section does not apply so as to permit any act referred to in paragraph (3)(a), (b) or (c) with respect to a work or other subject-matter whose use in the lesson constitutes an infringement of copyright or for whose use in the lesson the consent of the copyright owner is required. Communication by telecom- munication (3) Subject to subsection (5), it is not an infringement of copyright for an educational institution or a person acting under its authority (a) to communicate a lesson to the public by telecommunication for educational or training purposes, if that public consists only of students who are enrolled in a course of which the lesson forms a part or of other persons acting under the authority of the educational institution; (b) to make a fixation of the lesson for the purpose of the act referred to in paragraph (a); or (c) to do any other act that is necessary for the purpose of the acts referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b). Participation by telecommunication (4) For the purposes of sections 29.4 to 29.6 and subsection 29.7(3), a student who is enrolled in a course of which the lesson forms a part is deemed to be a person on the premises of the educational institution when the student participates in or receives the lesson by means of communication by telecommunication under paragraph (3)(a). Conditions (5) The educational institution and any person acting under its authority, except a student, shall (a) destroy any fixation of the lesson within 30 days after the day on which the students who are enrolled in the course have received their final course evaluations; (b) take measures that can reasonably be expected to limit the communication by telecommunication of the lesson to the persons referred to in paragraph (3)(a); (c) take, in relation to the communication by telecommunication of the lesson in digital form, measures that can reasonably be expected to prevent the students from fixing or reproducing the lesson, or communicating it other than as they may do under this section; and (d) take, in relation to a communication by telecommunication in digital form, any meas- ure prescribed by regulation that is applicable in the circumstances. Exception — digital reproduction of works 30.02 (1) Subject to subsections (3) to (5), it is not an infringement of copyright for an educational institution that has a reprographic reproduction licence under which the institution is authorized to make reprographic reproductions of works in a collective society’s repertoire for an educational or training purpose (a) to make a digital reproduction — of the same general nature and extent as the reprographic reproduction authorized under the licence — of a paper form of any of those works; (b) to communicate the digital reproduction by telecommunication for an educational or training purpose to persons acting under the authority of the institution; or (c) to do any other act that is necessary for the purpose of the acts referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b). Exception (2) Subject to subsections (3) to (5), it is not an infringement of copyright for a person acting under the authority of the educational institution to whom the work has been communicated under paragraph (1)(b) to print one copy of the work. Conditions (3) An educational institution that makes a digital reproduction of a work under paragraph (1)(a) shall (a) pay to the collective society, with respect to all the persons to whom the digital reproduction is communicated by the institution under paragraph (1)(b), the royalties that would be payable if one reprographic reproduction were distributed by the institution to each of those persons, and comply with the licence terms and conditions applicable to a reprographic reproduction to the extent that they are reasonably applicable to a digital reproduction; (b) take measures to prevent the digital reproduction from being communicated by telecommunication to any persons who are not acting under the authority of the institution; (c) take measures to prevent a person to whom the work has been communicated under paragraph (1)(b) from printing more than one copy, and to prevent any other reproduction or communication of the digital reproduction; and (d) take any measure prescribed by regulation that is applicable in the circumstances. Restriction (4) An educational institution may not make a digital reproduction of a work under paragraph (1)(a) if (a) the institution has entered into a digital reproduction agreement respecting the work with a collective society under which the institution may make a digital reproduction of the work, may communicate the digital reproduction by telecommunication to persons acting under the authority of the institution and may permit those persons to print at least one copy of the work; (b) there is a tariff certified under section 70.15 that is applicable to the digital reproduction of the work, to the communication of the digital reproduction by telecommunication to persons acting under the authority of the institution and to the printing by those persons of at least one copy of the work; or (c) the institution has been informed by the collective society that is authorized to enter into reprographic agreements with respect to the work that the owner of the copyright in the work has informed it, under subsection (5), that the owner refuses to authorize the collective society to enter into a digital reproduction agreement with respect to the work. Restriction (5) If the owner of the copyright in a work informs the collective society that is authorized to enter into reprographic agreements with respect to the work that the owner refuses to authorize it to enter into digital reproduction agreements with respect to the work, the collective society shall inform the educational institutions with which it has entered into reprographic reproduction agreements with respect to the work that they are not permitted to make digital reproductions under subsection (1). Deeming provision (6) The owner of the copyright in a work who, in respect of the work, has authorized a collective society to enter into a reprographic reproduction agreement with an educational institution is deemed to have authorized the society to enter into a digital reproduction agreement with the institution — subject to the same restrictions as a reprographic reproduction agreement — unless the owner has refused to give this authorization under subsection (5) or has authorized another collective society to enter into a digital reproduction agreement with respect to the work. Maximum amount that may be recovered (7) In proceedings against an educational institution for making a digital reproduction of a paper form of a work, or for communicating such a reproduction by telecommunication for an educational or training purpose to persons acting under the authority of the institution, the owner of the copyright in the work may not recover an amount more than (a) in the case where there is a digital reproduction licence that meets the conditions described in paragraph (4)(a) in respect of the work — or, if none exists in respect of the work, in respect of a work of the same category — the amount of royalties that would be payable under that licence in respect of those acts or, if there is more than one applicable licence, the greatest amount of royalties payable under any of those licences; and (b) in the case where there is no licence described in paragraph (a) but there is a reprographic reproduction licence in respect of the work — or, if none exists in respect of the work, in respect of a work of the same category — the amount of royalties that would be payable under that licence in respect of those acts or, if there is more than one applicable licence, the greatest amount of royalties payable under any of those licences. No damages (8) The owner of the copyright in a work may not recover any damages against a person acting under the authority of the educational institution who, in respect of a digital reproduction of the work that is communicated to the person by telecommunication, prints one copy of the work if, at the time of the printing, it was reasonable for the person to believe that the communication was made in accordance with paragraph (1)(b). Royalties — digital reproduction agreement 30.03 (1) If an educational institution has paid royalties to a collective society for the digital reproduction of a work under paragraph 30.02(3)(a) and afterwards the institution enters into a digital reproduction agreement described in paragraph 30.02(4)(a) with any collective society, (a) in the case where the institution would — under that digital reproduction agreement — pay a greater amount of royalties for the digital reproduction of that work than what was payable under paragraph 30.02(3)(a), the institution shall pay to the collective society to which it paid royalties under that paragraph the difference between (i) the amount of royalties that the institution would have had to pay for the digital reproduction of that work if the agreement had been entered into on the day on which the institution first made a digital reproduction under paragraph 30.02(1)(a), and (ii) the amount of royalties that the institution paid to the society under paragraph 30.02(3)(a) for the digital reproduction of that work from the day on which that paragraph comes into force until the day on which they enter into the digital reproduction agreement; and (b) in the case where the institution would — under that digital reproduction agreement — pay a lesser amount of royalties for the digital reproduction of that work than what was payable under paragraph 30.02(3)(a), the collective society to which the institution paid royalties under that paragraph shall pay to the institution the difference between (i) the amount of royalties that the institution paid to the society under paragraph 30.02(3)(a) for the digital reproduction of that work from the day on which that paragraph comes into force until the day on which they enter into the digital reproduction agreement, and (ii) the amount of royalties that the institution would have had to pay for the digital reproduction of that work if the agreement had been entered into on the day on which the institution first made a digital reproduction under paragraph 30.02(1)(a). Royalties — tariff (2) If an educational institution has paid royalties to a collective society for the digital reproduction of a work under paragraph 30.02(3)(a) and afterwards a tariff applies to the digital reproduction of that work under paragraph 30.02(4)(b), (a) in the case where the institution would — under the tariff — pay a greater amount of royalties for the digital reproduction of that work than what was payable under paragraph 30.02(3)(a), the institution shall pay to the collective society to which it paid royalties under that paragraph the difference between (i) the amount of royalties that the institution would have had to pay for the digital reproduction of that work if the tariff had been certified on the day on which the institution first made a digital reproduction under paragraph 30.02(1)(a), and (ii) the amount of royalties that the institution paid to the society under paragraph 30.02(3)(a) for the digital reproduction of that work from the day on which that paragraph comes into force until the day on which the tariff is certified; and (b) in the case where the institution would — under the tariff — pay a lesser amount of royalties for the digital reproduction of that work than what was payable under paragraph 30.02(3)(a), the collective society to which the institution paid royalties under that paragraph shall pay to the institution the difference between (i) the amount of royalties that the institution paid to the society under paragraph 30.02(3)(a) for the digital reproduction of that work from the day on which that paragraph comes into force until the day on which the tariff is certified, and (ii) the amount of royalties that the institution would have had to pay for the digital reproduction of that work if the tariff had been certified on the day on which the institution first made a digital reproduction under paragraph 30.02(1)(a). Work available through Internet 30.04 (1) Subject to subsections (2) to (5), it is not an infringement of copyright for an educational institution, or a person acting under the authority of one, to do any of the following acts for educational or training purposes in respect of a work or other subject-matter that is available through the Internet: (a) reproduce it; (b) communicate it to the public by telecommunication, if that public primarily consists of students of the educational institution or other persons acting under its authority; (c) perform it in public, if that public primarily consists of students of the educational institution or other persons acting under its authority; or (d) do any other act that is necessary for the purpose of the acts referred to in paragraphs (a) to (c). Conditions (2) Subsection (1) does not apply unless the educational institution or person acting under its authority, in doing any of the acts described in that subsection in respect of the work or other subject-matter, mentions the following: (a) the source; and (b) if given in the source, the name of (i) the author, in the case of a work, (ii) the performer, in the case of a performer’s performance, (iii) the maker, in the case of a sound recording, and (iv) the broadcaster, in the case of a communication signal. Non-application (3) Subsection (1) does not apply if the work or other subject-matter — or the Internet site where it is posted — is protected by a technological measure that restricts access to the work or other subject-matter or to the Internet site. Non-application (4) Subsection (1) does not permit a person to do any act described in that subsection in respect of a work or other subject-matter if (a) that work or other subject-matter — or the Internet site where it is posted — is protected by a technological measure that restricts the doing of that act; or (b) a clearly visible notice — and not merely the copyright symbol — prohibiting that act is posted at the Internet site where the work or other subject-matter is posted or on the work or other subject-matter itself. Non-application (5) Subsection (1) does not apply if the educational institution or person acting under its authority knows or should have known that the work or other subject-matter was made available through the Internet without the consent of the copyright owner. Regulations (6) The Governor in Council may make regulations for the purposes of paragraph (4)(b) prescribing what constitutes a clearly visible notice. 1997, c. 24, s. 18(1) 19. Paragraph 30.1(1)(c) of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 19: Relevant portion of subsection 30.1(1): 30.1 (1) It is not an infringement of copyright for a library, archive or museum or a person acting under the authority of a library, archive or museum to make, for the maintenance or management of its permanent collection or the permanent collection of another library, archive or museum, a copy of a work or other subject-matter, whether published or unpublished, in its permanent collection ... (c) in an alternative format if the original is currently in an obsolete format or the technology required to use the original is unavailable; Article 19 : Texte du passage visé du paragraphe 30.1(1) : 30.1 (1) Ne constituent pas des violations du droit d’auteur les cas ci-après de reproduction, par une bibliothèque, un musée ou un service d’archives ou une personne agissant sous l’autorité de ceux-ci, d’une oeuvre ou de tout autre objet du droit d’auteur, publiés ou non, en vue de la gestion ou de la conservation de leurs collections permanentes ou des collections permanentes d’autres bibliothèques, musées ou services d’archives : [...] c) reproduction sur un autre support, le support original étant désuet ou faisant appel à une technique non disponible; (c) in an alternative format if the library, archive or museum or a person acting under the authority of the library, archive or museum considers that the original is currently in a format that is obsolete or is becoming obsolete, or that the technology required to use the original is unavailable or is becoming unavailable; 1997, c. 24, s. 18(1) 20. (1) Subsection 30.2(5) of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 20: (1) Existing text of subsection 30.2(5): (5) A library, archive or museum or a person acting under the authority of a library, archive or museum may do, on behalf of a person who is a patron of another library, archive or museum, anything under subsection (1) or (2) in relation to printed matter that it is authorized by this section to do on behalf of a person who is one of its patrons, but the copy given to the patron must not be in digital form. Article 20 : (1) Texte du paragraphe 30.2(5) : (5) Une bibliothèque, un musée ou un service d’archives, ou une personne agissant sous l’autorité de ceux-ci, peuvent, pour ce qui est du matériel imprimé, accomplir pour les usagers d’une autre bibliothèque, d’un autre musée ou d’un autre service d’archives, pourvu que la copie qui leur est remise ne soit pas sous une forme numérique, les actes qu’ils peuvent accomplir, en vertu des paragraphes (1) ou (2), pour leurs propres usagers. Patrons of other libraries, etc. (5) A library, archive or museum, or a person acting under the authority of one, may do, on behalf of a patron of another library, archive or museum, anything under subsection (1) or (2) in relation to printed matter that it is authorized by this section to do on behalf of one of its own patrons. Limitation regarding copies in digital form (5.01) A library, archive or museum, or a person acting under the authority of one, may, under subsection (5), make a copy of printed matter in digital form and provide it to a person who has requested it through another library, archive or museum if the providing library, archive or museum or person takes measures to prevent the person who has requested it from (a) making any reproduction of the digital copy, including any paper copies, other than printing one copy of it; (b) communicating the digital copy to any other person; and (c) using the digital copy for more than five business days. (2) Subsection 30.2(6) of the Act is amended by striking out the word “and” at the end of paragraph (c), by adding the word “and’’ at the end of paragraph (d) and by adding the following after paragraph (d): (2) Relevant portion of subsection 30.2(6): (6) The Governor in Council may, for the purposes of this section, make regulations (2) Texte du passage visé du paragraphe 30.2(6) : (6) Le gouverneur en conseil peut, par règlement et pour l’application du présent article : (e) prescribing the manner and form in which the measures referred to in subsection (5.01) are to be taken. 21. The Act is amended by adding the following after section 31: Clause 21: New. Article 21 : Nouveau. Network Services Network services 31.1 (1) A person who, in providing serv- ices related to the operation of the Internet or another digital network, provides any means for the telecommunication or the reproduction of a work or other subject-matter through the Internet or that other network does not, solely by reason of providing those means, infringe copyright in that work or other subject-matter. Incidental acts (2) Subject to subsection (3), a person referred to in subsection (1) who caches the work or other subject-matter to make the telecommunication more efficient does not, by virtue of that act alone, infringe copyright in the work or other subject-matter. Conditions for application (3) Subsection (2) does not apply unless the person, in respect of the work or other subject-matter, (a) does not modify it; (b) ensures that any directions related to its caching that are established by whoever made it available for telecommunication through the Internet or another digital network, and that lend themselves to automated reading and execution, are read and executed; and (c) does not interfere with the lawful use of technology to obtain data on its use. Hosting (4) Subject to subsection (5), a person who, for the purpose of allowing the telecommunication of a work or other subject-matter through the Internet or another digital network, provides digital memory in which another person stores the work or other subject-matter does not, by virtue of that act alone, infringe copyright in the work or other subject-matter. Condition for application (5) Subsection (4) does not apply in respect of a work or other subject-matter if the person providing the digital memory knows of a decision of a court of competent jurisdiction to the effect that the person who has stored the work or other subject-matter in the digital memory infringes copyright by making the copy of the work or other subject-matter that is stored or by the way in which he or she uses the work or other subject-matter. 22. Subsection 32.2(1) of the Act is amended by striking out the word “or” at the end of paragraph (d), by adding the word “or” at the end of paragraph (e) and by adding the following after paragraph (e): Clause 22: Relevant portion of subsection 32.2(1): 32.2 (1) It is not an infringement of copyright Article 22 : Texte du passage visé du paragraphe 32.2(1) : 32.2 (1) Ne constituent pas des violations du droit d’auteur : (f) for an individual to use for private or non-commercial purposes a photograph or portrait that was commissioned by the individual for personal purposes and made for valuable consideration, unless the individual and the owner of the copyright in the photograph or portrait have agreed otherwise. 23. The Act is amended by adding the following after section 32.5: Clause 23: New. Article 23 : Nouveau. Certain rights and interests protected 32.6 Despite sections 27, 28.1 and 28.2, if a person has, before the day on which subsection 15(1.1), 17.1(1) or 18(1.1) applies in respect of a particular performers’ performance or sound recording, incurred an expenditure or a liability in connection with, or in preparation for, the doing of an act that would, if done after that day, have infringed rights under that subsection, any right or interest of that person that arises from, or in connection with, the doing of that act and that is subsisting and valuable on that day is not, for two years after the day on which this section comes into force, prejudiced or diminished by reason only of the subsequent application of that subsection in respect of the performers’ per- formance or sound recording. 1997, c. 24, s. 19 24. Subsection 33(1) of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 24: Existing text of subsection 33(1): 33. (1) Notwithstanding subsections 27(1), (2) and (4) and sections 27.1, 28.1 and 28.2, where a person has, before the later of January 1, 1996 and the day on which a country becomes a treaty country, incurred an expenditure or liability in connection with, or in preparation for, the doing of an act that would have infringed a copyright owner’s copyright or an author’s moral rights had that country been a treaty country, any right or interest of that person that (a) arises from or in connection with the doing of that act, and (b) is subsisting and valuable on the latest of those days is not prejudiced or diminished by reason only that that country has become a treaty country, except as provided by an order of the Board made under subsection 78(3). Article 24 : Texte du paragraphe 33(1) : 33. (1) Par dérogation aux paragraphes 27(1), (2) et (4) et aux articles 27.1, 28.1 et 28.2, lorsque, avant le 1er janvier 1996 ou, si elle est postérieure, la date où un pays devient un pays signataire, une personne a fait des dépenses ou contracté d’autres obligations relatives à l’exécution d’un acte qui, accompli après cette date, violerait le droit d’auteur du titulaire ou les droits moraux de l’auteur, le seul fait que ce pays soit devenu un pays signataire ne porte pas atteinte aux droits ou intérêts de cette personne, qui, d’une part, sont nés ou résultent de l’exécution de cet acte et, d’autre part, sont appréciables en argent à cette date, sauf dans la mesure prévue par une ordonnance de la Commission rendue en application du paragraphe 78(3). Certain rights and interests protected 33. (1) Despite subsections 27(1), (2) and (4) and sections 27.1, 28.1 and 28.2, if a person has, before the later of January 1, 1996 and the day on which a country becomes a treaty country other than a WCT country, incurred an expenditure or liability in connection with, or in preparation for, the doing of an act that, if that country had been such a treaty country, would have infringed copyright in a work or moral rights in respect of a work, any right or interest of that person that arises from, or in connection with, the doing of that act and that is subsisting and valuable on the later of those days is not, except as provided by an order of the Board made under subsection 78(3), prejudiced or diminished by reason only of that country having become such a treaty country. 25. The Act is amended by adding the following after section 33: Clause 25: New. Article 25 : Nouveau. Certain rights and interests protected 33.1 (1) Despite subsections 27(1), (2) and (4) and sections 27.1, 28.1 and 28.2, if a person has, before the later of the day on which this section comes into force and the day on which a country that is a treaty country but not a WCT country becomes a WCT country, incurred an expenditure or liability in connection with, or in preparation for, the doing of an act that, if that country had been a WCT country, would have infringed a right under paragraph 3(1)(j), any right or interest of that person that arises from, or in connection with, the doing of that act and that is subsisting and valuable on the later of those days is not, except as provided by an order of the Board made under subsection 78(3), prejudiced or diminished by reason only of that country having become a WCT country. Compensation (2) Despite subsection (1), a person’s right or interest that is protected by that subsection terminates as against the copyright owner if and when the owner pays the person any compensation that is agreed to between the parties or, failing agreement, that is determined by the Board in accordance with section 78. Certain rights and interests protected 33.2 (1) Despite subsections 27(1), (2) and (4) and sections 27.1, 28.1 and 28.2, if a person has, before the later of the day on which this section comes into force and the day on which a country that is not a treaty country becomes a WCT country, incurred an expenditure or a liability in connection with, or in preparation for, the doing of an act that, if that country had been a WCT country, would have infringed copyright in a work or moral rights in respect of a work, any right or interest of that person that arises from, or in connection with, the doing of that act and that is subsisting and valuable on the later of those days is not, except as provided by an order of the Board made under subsection 78(3), prejudiced or diminished by reason only of that country having become a WCT country. Compensation (2) Despite subsection (1), a person’s right or interest that is protected by that subsection terminates as against the copyright owner if and when that owner pays the person any compensation that is agreed to between the parties or, failing agreement, that is determined by the Board in accordance with section 78. 26. The Act is amended by adding the following before section 34: Clause 26: New. Article 26 : Nouveau. Copyright Infringement 1997, c. 24, s. 20(1) 27. Subsection 34(2) of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 27: Existing text of subsection 34(2): (2) In any proceedings for an infringement of a moral right of an author, the court may grant to the author or to the person who holds the moral rights by virtue of subsection 14.2(2) or (3), as the case may be, all remedies by way of injunction, damages, accounts, delivery up and otherwise that are or may be conferred by law for the infringement of a right. Article 27 : Texte du paragraphe 34(2) : (2) Le tribunal, saisi d’un recours en violation des droits moraux, peut accorder à l’auteur ou au titulaire des droits moraux visé au paragraphe 14.2(2) ou (3), selon le cas, les réparations qu’il pourrait accorder, par voie d’injonction, de dommages-intérêts, de reddition de compte, de remise ou autrement, et que la loi prévoit ou peut prévoir pour la violation d’un droit. Moral rights (2) In any proceedings for an infringement of moral rights, the court may grant to the holder of those rights all remedies by way of injunction, damages, accounts, delivery up and otherwise that are or may be conferred by law for the infringement of a right. 1997, c. 24, s. 20(1) 28. The portion of subsection 34.1(1) of the Act before paragraph (a) is replaced by the following: Clause 28: Relevant portion of subsection 34.1(1): 34.1 (1) In any proceedings for infringement of copyright in which the defendant puts in issue either the existence of the copyright or the title of the plaintiff thereto, Article 28 : Texte du passage visé du paragraphe 34.1(1) : 34.1 (1) Dans toute procédure pour violation du droit d’auteur, si le défendeur conteste l’existence du droit d’auteur ou la qualité du demandeur : Presumptions respecting copyright and ownership 34.1 (1) In any civil proceedings taken under this Act in which the defendant puts in issue either the existence of the copyright or the title of the plaintiff to it, 1997, c. 24, s. 20(1) 29. Sections 36 and 37 of the Act are repealed. Clause 29: Existing text of sections 36 and 37: 36. (1) Subject to this section, the owner of any copyright, or any person or persons deriving any right, title or interest by assignment or grant in writing from the owner, may individually for himself or herself, as a party to the proceedings in his or her own name, protect and enforce any right that he or she holds, and, to the extent of that right, title and interest, is entitled to the remedies provided by this Act. (2) Where proceedings referred to in subsection (1) are taken by a person other than the copyright owner, the copyright owner must be made a party to those proceedings, except (a) in respect of proceedings taken under section 44.1, 44.2 or 44.4; (b) in respect of interlocutory proceedings unless the court is of the opinion that the interests of justice require the copyright owner to be a party; and (c) in any other case, if the court is of the opinion that the interests of justice do not require the copyright owner to be a party. (3) A copyright owner who is made a party to proceedings pursuant to subsection (2) is not liable for any costs unless the copyright owner takes part in the proceedings. (4) Where a copyright owner is made a party to proceedings pursuant to subsection (2), the court, in awarding damages or profits, shall, subject to any agreement between the person who took the proceedings and the copyright owner, apportion the damages or profits referred to in subsection 35(1) between them as the court considers appropriate. 37. The Federal Court has concurrent jurisdiction with provincial courts to hear and determine all proceedings, other than the prosecution of offences under section 42 and 43, for the enforcement of a provision of this Act or of the civil remedies provided by this Act. Article 29 : Texte des articles 36 et 37 : 36. (1) Sous réserve des autres dispositions du présent article, le titulaire d’un droit d’auteur, ou quiconque possède un droit, un titre ou un intérêt acquis par cession ou concession consentie par écrit par le titulaire peut, individuellement pour son propre compte, en son propre nom comme partie à une procédure, soutenir et faire valoir les droits qu’il détient, et il peut exercer les recours prévus par la présente loi dans toute l’étendue de son droit, de son titre et de son intérêt. (2) Lorsque des procédures sont engagées en vertu du paragraphe (1) par une personne autre que le titulaire du droit d’auteur, ce dernier doit être constitué partie à ces procédures sauf : a) dans le cas de procédures engagées en vertu des articles 44.1, 44.2 et 44.4; b) dans le cas de procédures interlocutoires, à moins que le tribunal estime qu’il est dans l’intérêt de la justice de constituer le titulaire du droit d’auteur partie aux procédures; c) dans tous les autres cas où le tribunal estime que l’intérêt de la justice ne l’exige pas. (3) Le titulaire du droit d’auteur visé au paragraphe (2) n’est pas tenu de payer les frais à moins d’avoir participé aux procédures. (4) Le tribunal peut, sous réserve d’une entente entre le demandeur et le titulaire du droit d’auteur visé au paragraphe (2), répartir entre eux, de la manière qu’il estime indiquée, les dommages-intérêts et les profits visés au paragraphe 35(1). 37. La Cour fédérale, concurremment avec les tribunaux provinciaux, connaît de toute procédure liée à l’application de la présente loi, à l’exclusion des poursuites visées aux articles 42 et 43. 1997, c. 24, s. 20(1) 30. (1) Subsection 38.1(2) of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 30: (1) Existing text of subsection 38.1(2): (2) Where a copyright owner has made an election under subsection (1) and the defendant satisfies the court that the defendant was not aware and had no reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant had infringed copyright, the court may reduce the amount of the award to less than $500, but not less than $200. Article 30 : (1) Texte du paragraphe 38.1(2) : (2) Dans les cas où le défendeur convainc le tribunal qu’il ne savait pas et n’avait aucun motif raisonnable de croire qu’il avait violé le droit d’auteur, le tribunal peut réduire le montant des dommages-intérêts préétablis jusqu’à 200 $. Limitation (1.1) If a copyright owner has made an election under subsection (1), a defendant who is an individual is liable for statutory damages of $500 in respect of all the defendant’s infringements that were done for the defendant’s private purposes and that are involved in the proceedings. Infringements not involved in the proceedings (1.2) However, the copyright owner may not recover statutory damages from a defendant referred to in subsection (1.1) in respect of the defendant’s infringements that (a) were done for the defendant’s private purposes before the institution of the proceedings in which the election was made; and (b) are not involved in those proceedings. No other statutory damages (1.3) If a copyright owner has made an election under subsection (1) in respect of a defendant referred to in subsection (1.1), no other copyright owner may elect statutory damages in respect of that defendant for the defendant’s infringements that were done for the defendant’s private purposes before the institution of the proceedings in which the election was made. Circumvention of technological measures (1.4) Subsections (1.1) to (1.3) do not apply with respect to infringements that were made possible because the defendant circumvented or caused to be circumvented a technological measure that protected the work or other subject-matter, within the meanings of the definitions “circumvent” and “technological measure” in section 41. Defendant unaware of infringement (2) If subsection (1.1) does not apply and the defendant satisfies the court that the defendant was not aware and had no reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant had infringed copyright, the court may reduce the amount of an award under subsection (1) to less than $500, but not less than $200. 1997, c. 24, s. 20(1) (2) The portion of subsection 38.1(5) of the Act before paragraph (a) is replaced by the following: (2) Relevant portion of subsection 38.1(5): (5) In exercising its discretion under subsections (1) to (4), the court shall consider all relevant factors, including (2) Texte du passage visé du paragraphe 38.1(5) : (5) Lorsqu’il rend une décision relativement aux paragraphes (1) à (4), le tribunal tient compte notamment des facteurs suivants : Factors to consider (5) In exercising its discretion under subsections (1) and (2) to (4), the court shall consider all relevant factors, including (3) Subsection 38.1(6) of the Act is amended by striking out the word “or” at the end of paragraph (b), by adding the word “or” at the end of paragraph (c) and by adding the following after paragraph (c): (3) Relevant portion of subsection 38.1(6): (6) No statutory damages may be awarded against (3) Texte du passage visé du paragraphe 38.1(6) : (6) Ne peuvent être condamnés aux dommages-intérêts préétablis : (d) an educational institution that is sued in the circumstances referred to in subsection 30.02(7) or a person acting under its authority who is sued in the circumstances referred to in subsection 30.02(8). 1997, c. 24, s. 22 31. Section 41 of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 31: Existing text of section 41: 41. (1) Subject to subsection (2), a court may not award a remedy in relation to an infringement unless (a) in the case where the plaintiff knew, or could reasonably have been expected to know, of the infringement at the time it occurred, the proceedings for infringement are commenced within three years after the infringement occurred; or (b) in the case where the plaintiff did not know, and could not reasonably have been expected to know, of the infringement at the time it occurred, the proceedings for infringement are commenced within three years after the time when the plaintiff first knew, or could reasonably have been expected to know, of the infringement. (2) The court shall apply the limitation period set out in paragraph (1)(a) or (b) only in respect of a party who pleads a limitation period. Article 31 : Texte de l’article 41 : 41. (1) Sous réserve du paragraphe (2), le tribunal saisi d’un recours en violation ne peut accorder de réparations que si : a) le demandeur engage des procédures dans les trois ans qui suivent le moment où la violation a eu lieu, s’il avait connaissance de la violation au moment où elle a eu lieu ou s’il est raisonnable de s’attendre à ce qu’il en ait eu connaissance à ce moment; b) le demandeur engage des procédures dans les trois ans qui suivent le moment où il a pris connaissance de la violation ou le moment où il est raisonnable de s’attendre à ce qu’il en ait pris connaissance, s’il n’en avait pas connaissance au moment où elle a eu lieu ou s’il n’est pas raisonnable de s’attendre à ce qu’il en ait eu connaissance à ce moment. (2) Le tribunal ne fait jouer la prescription visée aux alinéas (1)a) ou b) qu’à l’égard de la partie qui l’a invoquée. Technological Measures and Rights Management Information Definitions 41. The following definitions apply in this section and in sections 41.1 to 41.2. “circumvent”« contourner » “circumvent” means, (a) in respect of a technological measure within the meaning of paragraph (a) of the definition “technological measure”, to descramble a scrambled work or decrypt an encrypted work or to otherwise avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate or impair the technological measure, unless done with the authority of the copyright owner; and (b) in respect of a technological measure within the meaning of paragraph (b) of the definition “technological measure”, to avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate or impair the technological measure. “technological measure”« mesure technique » “technological measure” means any effective technology, device or component that, in the ordinary course of its operation, (a) controls access to a work, to a perform- er’s performance fixed in a sound recording or to a sound recording and whose use is authorized by the copyright owner; or (b) restricts the doing — with respect to a work, to a perform- er’s performance fixed in a sound recording or to a sound recording — of any act referred to in section 3, 15 or 18 and any act for which remuneration is payable under section 19. Prohibition 41.1 (1) No person shall (a) circumvent a technological measure within the meaning of paragraph (a) of the definition “technological measure” in section 41; (b) offer services to the public or provide services if (i) the services are offered or provided primarily for the purposes of circumventing a technological measure, (ii) the uses or purposes of those services are not commercially significant other than when they are offered or provided for the purposes of circumventing a technological measure, or (iii) the person markets those services as being for the purposes of circumventing a technological measure or acts in concert with another person in order to market those services as being for those purposes; or (c) manufacture, import, provide — including by selling or renting — offer for sale or rental or distribute any technology, device or component if (i) the technology, device or component is designed or produced primarily for the purposes of circumventing a technological measure, (ii) the uses or purposes of the technology, device or component are not commercially significant other than when it is used for the purposes of circumventing a techno- logical measure, or (iii) the person markets the technology, device or component as being for the purposes of circumventing a technological measure or acts in concert with another person in order to market the technology, device or component as being for those purposes. Circumvention of technological measure (2) The owner of the copyright in a work, a performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or a sound recording in respect of which paragraph (1)(a) has been contravened is, subject to this Act and any regulations made under section 41.2, entitled to all remedies — by way of injunction, damages, accounts, delivery up and otherwise — that are or may be conferred by law for the infringement of copyright against the person who contravened that paragraph. No statutory damages (3) The owner of the copyright in a work, a performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or a sound recording in respect of which paragraph (1)(a) has been contravened may not elect under section 38.1 to recover statutory damages from an individual who contravened that paragraph only for his or her own private purposes. Services, technology, device or component (4) Every owner of the copyright in a work, a performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or a sound recording in respect of which a technological measure has been or could be circumvented as a result of the contravention of paragraph (1)(b) or (c) is, subject to this Act and any regulations made under section 41.2, entitled to all remedies — by way of injunction, damages, accounts, delivery up and otherwise — that are or may be conferred by law for the infringement of copyright against the person who contravened paragraph (1)(b) or (c). Law enforcement and national security 41.11 (1) Paragraph 41.1(1)(a) does not apply if a technological measure is circumvented for the purposes of an investigation related to the enforcement of any Act of Parliament or any Act of the legislature of a province, or for the purposes of activities related to the protection of national security. Services (2) Paragraph 41.1(1)(b) does not apply if the services are provided by or for the persons responsible for carrying out such an investigation or such activities. Technology, device or component (3) Paragraph 41.1(1)(c) does not apply if the technology, device or component is manufactured, imported or provided by the persons responsible for carrying out such an investigation or such activities, or is manufactured, imported, provided or offered for sale or rental as a service provided to those persons. Interoperability of computer programs 41.12 (1) Paragraph 41.1(1)(a) does not apply to a person who owns a computer program or a copy of it, or has a licence to use the program or copy, and who circumvents a technological measure that protects that program or copy for the sole purpose of obtaining information that would allow the person to make the program and any other computer program interoperable. Services (2) Paragraph 41.1(1)(b) does not apply to a person who offers services to the public or provides services for the purposes of circumventing a technological measure if the person does so for the purpose of making the computer program and any other computer program interoperable. Technology, device or component (3) Paragraph 41.1(1)(c) does not apply to a person who manufactures, imports or provides a technology, device or component for the purposes of circumventing a technological measure if the person does so for the purpose of making the computer program and any other computer program interoperable and (a) uses that technology, device or component only for that purpose; or (b) provides that technology, device or component to another person only for that purpose. Sharing of information (4) A person referred to in subsection (1) may communicate the information obtained under that subsection to another person for the purposes of allowing that person to make the computer program and any other computer program interoperable. Limitation (5) A person to whom the technology, device or component referred to in subsection (3) is provided or to whom the information referred to in subsection (4) is communicated may use it only for the purpose of making the computer program and any other computer program interoperable. Non-application (6) However, a person is not entitled to benefit from the exceptions under subsections (1) to (3) or (5) if, for the purposes of making the computer program and any other computer program interoperable, the person does an act that constitutes an infringement of copyright. Non-application (7) Furthermore, a person is not entitled to benefit from the exception under subsection (4) if, for the purposes of making the computer program and any other computer program interoperable, the person does an act that constitutes an infringement of copyright or an act that contravenes any Act of Parliament or any Act of the legislature of a province. Encryption research 41.13 (1) Paragraph 41.1(1)(a) does not apply to a person who, for the purposes of encryption research, circumvents a technological measure by means of decryption if (a) it would not be practical to carry out the research without circumventing the techno- logical measure; (b) the person has lawfully obtained the work, the performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or the sound recording that is protected by the technological measure; and (c) the person has informed the owner of the copyright in the work, the performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or the sound recording who has applied the technological measure. Non-application (2) However, a person acting in the circumstances referred to in subsection (1) is not entitled to benefit from the exception under that subsection if the person does an act that constitutes an infringement of copyright or an act that contravenes any Act of Parliament or any Act of the legislature of a province. Technology, device or component (3) Paragraph 41.1(1)(c) does not apply to a person referred to in subsection (1) who manufactures a technology, device or component for the purposes of circumventing a technological measure that is subject to paragraph 41.1(1)(a) if the person does so for the purpose of encryption research and (a) uses that technology, device or component only for that purpose; or (b) provides that technology, device or component only for that purpose to another person who is collaborating with the person. Personal information 41.14 (1) Paragraph 41.1(1)(a) does not apply to a person who circumvents a technolog- ical measure if (a) the work, performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or sound recording that is protected by the technological measure is not accompanied by a notice indicating that its use will permit a third party to collect and communicate personal information relating to the user or, in the case where it is accompanied by such a notice, the user is not provided with the option to prevent the collection and communication of personal information without the user’s use of it being restricted; and (b) the only purpose of circumventing the technological measure is to verify whether it permits the collection or communication of personal information and, if it does, to prevent it. Services, technology, device or component (2) Paragraphs 41.1(1)(b) and (c) do not apply to a person who offers services to the public or provides services, or manufactures, imports or provides a technology, device or component, for the purposes of circumventing a technological measure in accordance with subsection (1), to the extent that the services, technology, device or component do not unduly impair the technological measure. Security 41.15 (1) Paragraph 41.1(1)(a) does not apply to a person who circumvents a techno- logical measure that is subject to that paragraph for the sole purpose of, with the consent of the owner or administrator of a computer, computer system or computer network, assessing the vulnerability of the computer, system or network or correcting any security flaws. Services (2) Paragraph 41.1(1)(b) does not apply if the services are provided to a person described in subsection (1). Technology, device or component (3) Paragraph 41.1(1)(c) does not apply if the technology, device or component is manufactured or imported by a person described in subsection (1), or is manufactured, imported, provided — including by selling or renting — offered for sale or rental or distributed as a service provided to that person. Non-application (4) A person acting in the circumstances referred to in subsection (1) is not entitled to benefit from the exception under that subsection if the person does an act that constitutes an infringement of copyright or an act that contravenes any Act of Parliament or any Act of the legislature of a province. Persons with perceptual disabilities 41.16 (1) Paragraph 41.1(1)(a) does not apply to (a) a person with a perceptual disability who circumvents a technological measure for the sole purpose of making a work, a performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or a sound recording perceptible to that person; (b) a person who circumvents a technological measure at the request of a person with a perceptual disability for the sole purpose of making a work, a performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or a sound recording perceptible to the person with the perceptual disability; or (c) a non-profit organization acting for the benefit of a person with a perceptual disability that circumvents a technological measure for the sole purpose of making a work, a performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or a sound recording perceptible to that person. Services, technology, device or component (2) Paragraphs 41.1(1)(b) and (c) do not apply to a person who offers or provides services to persons or organizations referred to in subsection (1), or manufactures, imports or provides a technology, device or component, for the purposes of enabling those persons or organizations to circumvent a technological measure in accordance with that subsection, to the extent that the services, technology, device or component do not unduly impair the technological measure. Broadcasting undertakings 41.17 Paragraph 41.1(1)(a) does not apply to a broadcasting undertaking that circumvents a technological measure for the sole purpose of making an ephemeral reproduction of a work, a performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or a sound recording in accordance with section 30.9, unless the owner of the copyright in the work, the performer’s perform- ance fixed in a sound recording or the sound recording that is protected by the technological measure makes available the necessary means to enable the making of such a reproduction in a timely manner in light of the broadcasting undertaking’s business requirements. Reduction of damages 41.18 A court may reduce or remit the amount of damages it awards in the circumstances described in subsection 41.1(1) if the defendant satisfies the court that the defendant was not aware, and had no reasonable grounds to believe, that the defendant’s acts constituted a contravention of that subsection. Injunction only remedy 41.19 If a court finds that a defendant that is a library, archive or museum or an educational institution has contravened subsection 41.1(1) and the defendant satisfies the court that it was not aware, and had no reasonable grounds to believe, that its actions constituted a contravention of that subsection, the plaintiff is not entitled to any remedy other than an injunction. Regulations 41.2 (1) The Governor in Council may make regulations excluding from the application of section 41.1 any technological measure that protects a work, a performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or a sound recording, or classes of them, or any class of such technological measures, if the Governor in Council considers that the application of that section to the technological measure or class of technological measures would unduly restrict competition in the aftermarket sector in which the technological measure is used. Regulations (2) The Governor in Council may make regulations (a) prescribing additional circumstances in which paragraph 41.1(1)(a) does not apply, after taking into consideration the following factors: (i) whether not being permitted to circumvent a technological measure that is subject to that paragraph could adversely affect the use a person may make of a work, a performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or a sound recording when that use is authorized, (ii) whether the work, the performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or the sound recording is commercially available, (iii) whether not being permitted to circumvent a technological measure that is subject to that paragraph could adversely affect criticism, review, news reporting, commentary, teaching, scholarship or research that could be made or done in respect of the work, the performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or the sound recording, (iv) whether being permitted to circumvent a technological measure that is subject to that paragraph could adversely affect the market for the work, the performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or the sound recording or its market value, (v) whether the work, the performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or the sound recording is commercially available in a medium and in a quality that is appropriate for non-profit archival, preservation or educational uses, and (vi) any other relevant factor; and (b) requiring the owner of the copyright in a work, a performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or a sound recording that is protected by a technological measure to provide access to the work, performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or sound recording to persons who are entitled to the benefit of any of the limitations on the application of paragraph 41.1(1)(a) prescribed under paragraph (a). The regulations may prescribe the manner in which, and the time within which, access is to be provided, as well as any conditions that the owner of the copyright is to comply with. Prohibition — rights management information 41.21 (1) No person shall knowingly remove or alter any rights management information in electronic form without the consent of the owner of the copyright in the work, the performer’s performance or the sound recording, if the person knows or should have known that the removal or alteration will facilitate or conceal any infringement of the owner’s copyright or adversely affect the owner’s right to remuneration under section 19. Removal or alteration of rights management information (2) The owner of the copyright in a work, a performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or a sound recording is, subject to this Act, entitled to all remedies — by way of injunction, damages, accounts, delivery up and otherwise — that are or may be conferred by law for the infringement of copyright against a person who contravenes subsection (1). Subsequent acts (3) The copyright owner referred to in subsection (2) has the same remedies against a person who, without the owner’s consent, knowingly does any of the following acts with respect to any material form of the work, the performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or the sound recording and knows or should have known that the rights management information has been removed or altered in a way that would give rise to a remedy under that subsection: (a) sells it or rents it out; (b) distributes it to an extent that the copyright owner is prejudicially affected; (c) by way of trade, distributes it, exposes or offers it for sale or rental or exhibits it in public; (d) imports it into Canada for the purpose of doing anything referred to in any of paragraphs (a) to (c); or (e) communicates it to the public by telecommunication. Definition of “rights management information” (4) In this section, “rights management information” means information that (a) is attached to or embodied in a copy of a work, a performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording, or a sound recording, or appears in connection with its communication to the public by telecommunication; and (b) identifies or permits the identification of the work or its author, the performance or its performer, the sound recording or its maker or the holder of any rights in the work, the performance or the sound recording, or concerns the terms or conditions of the work’s, performance’s or sound recording’s use. General Provisions Protection of separate rights 41.22 (1) Subject to this section, the owner of any copyright, or any person or persons deriving any right, title or interest by assignment or grant in writing from the owner, may individually for himself or herself, as a party to the proceedings in his or her own name, protect and enforce any right that he or she holds, and, to the extent of that right, title and interest, is entitled to the remedies provided by this Act. Copyright owner to be made party (2) If proceedings under subsection (1) are taken by a person other than the copyright owner, the copyright owner shall be made a party to those proceedings, except (a) in the case of proceedings taken under section 44.1, 44.2 or 44.4; (b) in the case of interlocutory proceedings, unless the court is of the opinion that the interests of justice require the copyright owner to be a party; and (c) in any other case in which the court is of the opinion that the interests of justice do not require the copyright owner to be a party. Owner’s liability for costs (3) A copyright owner who is made a party to proceedings under subsection (2) is not liable for any costs unless the copyright owner takes part in the proceedings. Apportionment of damages, profits (4) If a copyright owner is made a party to proceedings under subsection (2), the court, in awarding damages or profits, shall, subject to any agreement between the person who took the proceedings and the copyright owner, apportion the damages or profits referred to in subsection 35(1) between them as the court considers appropriate. Concurrent jurisdiction of Federal Court 41.23 The Federal Court has concurrent jurisdiction with provincial courts to hear and determine all proceedings, other than the prosecution of offences under sections 42 and 43, for the enforcement of a provision of this Act or of the civil remedies provided by this Act. Limitation period for civil remedies 41.24 (1) Subject to subsection (2), a court may not award a remedy provided by this Part unless (a) the proceedings for the infringement or the act giving rise to a remedy are commenced within three years after it occurred, in the case where the plaintiff knew, or could reasonably have been expected to know, of the infringement or act at the time it occurred; or (b) the proceedings for the infringement or the act giving rise to a remedy are commenced within three years after the time when the plaintiff first knew of it or could reasonably have been expected to know of it, in the case where the plaintiff did not know, and could not reasonably have been expected to know, of the infringement or act at the time it occurred. Restriction (2) The court shall apply the limitation or prescription period set out in paragraph (1)(a) or (b) only in respect of a party who pleads a limitation period. Provisions Respecting Providers of Network Services or Information Location Tools Notice of claimed infringement 41.25 (1) An owner of the copyright in a work or other subject-matter may send a notice of claimed infringement to a person who provides (a) the means, in the course of providing services related to the operation of the Internet or another digital network, of telecommunication through which the electronic location that is the subject of the claim of infringement is connected to the Internet or another digital network; (b) the digital memory referred to in subsection 31.1(4) that is used for the electronic location to which the claim of infringement relates; or (c) an information location tool as defined in subsection 41.27(3). Form and content of notice (2) A notice of claimed infringement shall be in writing in the form, if any, prescribed by regulation and shall (a) state the claimant’s name and address and any other particulars prescribed by regulation that enable communication with the claimant; (b) identify the work or other subject-matter to which the claimed infringement relates; (c) state the claimant’s interest or right with respect to the copyright in the work or other subject-matter; (d) specify the location data for the electronic location to which the claimed infringement relates; (e) specify the infringement that is claimed; (f) specify the date and time of the commission of the claimed infringement; and (g) contain any other information that may be prescribed by regulation. Obligations related to notice 41.26 (1) A person described in paragraph 41.25(1)(a) or (b) who receives a notice of claimed infringement that complies with subsection 41.25(2) shall, on being paid any fee that the person has lawfully charged for doing so, (a) without delay forward the notice elec- tronically to the person that the electronic location identified by the location data specified in the notice belongs to and inform the claimant of its forwarding or, if appli- cable, of the reason why it was not possible to forward it; and (b) retain records that will allow the identity of the person to whom the electronic location belongs to be determined, and do so for six months beginning on the day on which the notice of claimed infringement is received or, if the claimant commences proceedings relating to the claimed infringement and so notifies the person before the end of those six months, for one year after the day on which the person receives the notice of claimed infringement. Fees related to notices (2) The Minister may, by regulation, fix the maximum fee that a person may charge for performing his or her obligations under subsection (1). If no maximum is fixed by regulation, the person may not charge any amount under that subsection. Damages related to notices (3) A claimant’s only remedy against a person who fails to perform his or her obligations under subsection (1) is statutory damages in an amount that the court considers just, but not less than $5,000 and not more than $10,000. Regulations — change of amounts (4) The Governor in Council may, by regulation, increase or decrease the minimum or maximum amount of statutory damages set out in subsection (3). Injunctive relief only — providers of information location tools 41.27 (1) In any proceedings for infringement of copyright, the owner of the copyright in a work or other subject-matter is not entitled, against a provider of an information location tool who makes a reproduction of the work or other subject-matter or communicates that reproduction to the public by telecommunication, to any remedy other than an injunction. Conditions for application (2) Subsection (1) applies only if the provid- er, in respect of the work or other subject-matter, (a) makes and caches the reproduction in an automated manner for the purpose of providing the information location tool; (b) communicates that reproduction to the public by telecommunication for the purpose of providing the information that has been located by the information location tool; (c) does not modify the reproduction; (d) complies with any conditions relating to the making or caching of reproductions of the work or other subject-matter, or to the communication of the reproduction to the public by telecommunication, that were established by whoever made the work or other subject-matter available through the Internet or another digital network and that lend themselves to automated reading and execution; (e) does not interfere with the lawful use of technology to obtain data on the use of the work or other subject-matter; and (f) has not received a notice of claimed infringement relating to the work or other subject-matter that complies with subsection 41.25(2). Definition of “information location tool” (3) In this section, “information location tool” means any tool that makes it possible to locate information that is available through the Internet or another digital network. 32. Section 42 of the Act is amended by adding the following after subsection (3): Clause 32: New. Article 32 : Nouveau. Circumvention of technological measure (3.1) Every person, except a person who is acting on behalf of a library, archive or museum or an educational institution, is guilty of an offence who knowingly and for commercial purposes contravenes section 41.1 and is liable (a) on conviction on indictment, to a fine not exceeding $1,000,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to both; or (b) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding $25,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to both. 1997, c. 24, s. 34(1) 33. Subsection 58(1) of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 33: Existing text of subsection 58(1): 58. (1) Any assignment of copyright, or any licence granting an interest in a copyright, may be executed, subscribed or acknowledged at any place in a treaty country or a Rome Convention country by the assignor, licensor or mortgagor, before any notary public, commissioner or other official or the judge of any court, who is authorized by law to administer oaths or perform notarial acts in that place, and who also subscribes their signature and affixes thereto or impresses thereon their official seal or the seal of the court of which they are such judge. Article 33 : Texte du paragraphe 58(1) : 58. (1) Tout acte de cession d’un droit d’auteur ou toute licence concédant un intérêt dans un droit d’auteur peut être exécuté, souscrit ou attesté en tout lieu dans un pays signataire ou dans un pays partie à la Convention de Rome par le cédant, le concédant ou le débiteur hypothécaire, devant un notaire public, un commissaire ou un autre fonctionnaire ou un juge, légalement autorisé à faire prêter serment ou à dresser des actes notariés en ce lieu, qui appose à l’acte sa signature et son sceau officiel ou celui de son tribunal. Execution of instruments 58. (1) Any assignment of a copyright, or any licence granting an interest in a copyright, may be executed, subscribed or acknowledged at any place in a treaty country, a Rome Convention country or a WPPT country by the assignor, licensor or secured or hypothecary debtor, before any notary public, commissioner or other official, or the judge of any court, who is authorized by law to administer oaths or certify documents in that place and who also subscribes their signature and affixes to, or impresses on, the assignment or licence their official seal or the seal of the court of which they are a judge. 1997, c. 24, s. 37(2) 34. Paragraphs 62(1)(a) and (b) of the Act are replaced by the following: Clause 34: Existing text of subsection 62(1): 62. (1) The Governor in Council may make regulations (a) prescribing anything that by this Act is to be prescribed by regulation; and (b) generally for carrying out the purposes and provisions of this Act. Article 34 : Texte du paragraphe 62(1) : 62. (1) Le gouverneur en conseil peut, par règlement : a) prendre toute mesure d’ordre réglementaire prévue par la présente loi; b) prendre toute autre mesure d’application de la présente loi. (a) for the purposes of paragraph 30.01(5)(d), respecting measures, which may vary according to circumstances specified in the regulations; (b) for the purposes of paragraph 30.02(3)(d), respecting measures, which may vary according to circumstances specified in the regulations; (c) prescribing the form of a notice of claimed infringement referred to in subsection 41.25(2) and prescribing information to be contained in it; (d) prescribing anything that by this Act is to be prescribed by regulation; and (e) generally for carrying out the purposes and provisions of this Act. 1997, c. 24, s. 45; 2001, c. 34, s. 35(E) 35. Subsection 67.1(4) of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 35: Existing text of subsection 67.1(4): (4) Where a proposed tariff is not filed with respect to the work, performer’s performance or sound recording in question, no action may be commenced, without the written consent of the Minister, for (a) the infringement of the rights, referred to in section 3, to perform a work in public or to communicate it to the public by telecommunication; or (b) the recovery of royalties referred to in section 19. Article 35 : Texte du paragraphe 67.1(4) : (4) Le non-dépôt du projet empêche, sauf autorisation écrite du ministre, l’exercice de quelque recours que ce soit pour violation du droit d’exécution en public ou de communication au public par télécommunication visé à l’article 3 ou pour recouvrement des redevances visées à l’article 19. Prohibition of enforcement (4) If a proposed tariff is not filed with respect to the work, performer’s performance or sound recording in question, no action may be commenced, without the written consent of the Minister, for (a) the infringement of the rights, referred to in section 3, to perform a work in public or to communicate it to the public by telecommunication; (b) the infringement of the rights referred to in paragraph 15(1.1)(d) or 18(1.1)(a); or (c) the recovery of royalties referred to in section 19. 1997, c. 24, s. 45 36. Subsection 68.2(2) of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 36: Existing text of subsection 68.2(2): (2) No proceedings may be brought for (a) the infringement of the right to perform in public or the right to communicate to the public by telecommunication, referred to in section 3, or (b) the recovery of royalties referred to in section 19 against a person who has paid or offered to pay the royalties specified in an approved tariff. Article 36 : Texte du paragraphe 68.2(2) : (2) Il ne peut être intenté aucun recours pour violation des droits d’exécution en public ou de communication au public par télécommunication visés à l’article 3 ou pour recouvrement des redevances visées à l’article 19 contre quiconque a payé ou offert de payer les redevances figurant au tarif homologué. Proceedings barred if royalties tendered or paid (2) No proceedings may be brought against a person who has paid or offered to pay the royalties specified in an approved tariff for (a) the infringement of the right to perform in public or the right to communicate to the public by telecommunication, referred to in section 3; (b) the infringement of the rights referred to in paragraph 15(1.1)(d) or 18(1.1)(a); or (c) the recovery of royalties referred to in section 19. 1997, c. 24, s. 50 37. Subsection 78(1) of the Act is replaced by the following: Clause 37: Existing text of subsection 78(1): 78. (1) Subject to subsection (2), for the purposes of subsections 32.4(2), 32.5(2) and 33(2), the Board may, on application by any of the parties referred to in one of those provisions, determine the amount of the compensation referred to in that provision that the Board considers reasonable, having regard to all the circumstances, including any judgment of a court in an action between the parties for the enforcement of a right mentioned in subsection 32.4(3) or 32.5(3). Article 37 : Texte du paragraphe 78(1) : 78. (1) Sous réserve du paragraphe (2), la Commission peut, sur demande de l’une ou l’autre des parties visées aux paragraphes 32.4(2), 32.5(2) ou 33(2), fixer l’indemnité à verser qu’elle estime raisonnable, compte tenu des circonstances. Elle peut notamment prendre en considération toute décision émanant d’un tribunal dans une poursuite pour la reconnaissance des droits visés aux paragraphes 32.4(3) ou 32.5(3). Board may determine compensation 78. (1) Subject to subsection (2), for the purposes of subsections 32.4(2), 32.5(2), 33(2), 33.1(2) and 33.2(2), the Board may, on application by any of the parties referred to in one of those provisions, determine the amount of the compensation referred to in that provision that the Board considers reasonable, having regard to all the circumstances, including any judgment of a court in an action between the parties for the enforcement of a right mentioned in subsection 32.4(3) or 32.5(3). TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS No revival of copyright in photograph 38. (1) The repeal of section 10 of the Copyright Act by section 4 does not have the effect of reviving copyright in any photograph in which, on the coming into force of that section 4, copyright had expired. Cases where corporations were deemed to be authors (2) In any case in which, immediately before the coming into force of section 4, a corporation is deemed, by virtue of subsection 10(2) of the Copyright Act as it read before the coming into force of that section 4, to be the author of a photograph in which copyright subsists at that time, the copyright in that photograph continues to subsist for the term determined in accordance with sections 6, 6.1, 6.2, 9, 11.1 or 12 of the Copyright Act as if its author were the individual who would have been considered the author of the photograph apart from that subsection 10(2). Cases where individuals were deemed to be authors (3) In any case in which an individual is deemed to be the author of a photograph by virtue of subsection 10(2) of the Copyright Act as it read before the coming into force of section 4, the individual continues, after the coming into force of that section 4, to be the author of that photograph for the purposes of the Copyright Act. Engraving, photograph or portrait 39. Subsection 13(2) of the Copyright Act, as it read immediately before the coming into force of section 5, continues to apply with respect to any engraving, photograph or portrait the plate or original of which was commissioned before the coming into force of that section 5. No revival of copyright 40. Subsections 23(1) to (2) of the Copyright Act, as enacted by section 12, do not have the effect of reviving the copyright, or a right to remuneration, in any performer’s performance or sound recording in which the copyright or the right to remuneration had expired on the coming into force of those subsections. COMING INTO FORCE Order in council 41. The provisions of this Act come into force on a day or days to be fixed by order of the Governor in Council. Published under authority of the Speaker of the House of CommonsAvailable from:Publishing and Depository ServicesPublic Works and Government Services Canada