It's an excellent question. I think this was a little bit what we tried to do in this report. The cost of inaction is dear. It's huge. The cost of action is actually not that great, especially when you look at the return on investment.

Number one, you're looking at, from whatever economic perspective.... You take this to your Minister of Finance, and this competes with other places for high return on investment and therefore budget priority.

Number two, I think political advocacy is important. Professor Kramer made the point on how Canada is regarded from outside. As a Canadian in exile, I can tell you that Canada has a wonderful reputation, and particularly now, the leadership is being listened to. So work the top Canadian leadership to take this up, advocating that every country should have a universal system that entitles people to access to care without having to pay for it at the point of service. That's a fantastic political advocacy. It comes from what I deem to be our proud Canadian heritage, and it's a message that is absolutely fundamental in terms of value for money.

First, prepayment is more effective and equitable than paying when you're ill. It's a simple message, and governments need to be recognizing that responsibility the world over. There is no country that is too poor to move towards a universal system based on prepayment. That's a simple political advocacy statement, and I think Canada's leadership is perhaps in the best position in the world to make that very strong point.

Second is the value of smart multilateralism, recognizing that together we can achieve things in terms of preserving our global health security that alone we will be hopeless at. Look at the way in which not only the Canadian action plan on AMR but the WHO plan of action on AMR can actually come into focus and into action in the UN in 2018. There are lots of feet that can be marching and taking this agenda forward. It requires that commitment, and significant but not expensive resources to fuel those engines that are ready to go.

I think Willo Brock from the global TB Alliance has a massively cost-effective opportunity there. Five or ten million dollars from Canada, as part of a consortium of countries in the G20 and beyond—the OECD—that have said this is good value for money is going to allow this agenda to move forward without any single donor feeling like they're carrying too much of the weight.

I think those are opportunities in order to avoid those

scourges. They won't go away.

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